Multimedia Standards, Organizations,
and Resources in the Humanities 

Compiled by Catharine Hulsy
Copyright © 2001
by Catharine Hulsy 

Dept. of Information Studies
University of California, Los Angeles
1999 

NOTE: The following material is extracted from a report submitted to the Getty Research Institute, Los Angeles, CA, in 1999. Web links have not been updated since 1999.

Catharine Hulsy conducted an extensive review of paper and World Wide Web resources, which is presented below. To aid in use of the review, the topics covered, with their outline numbers, are listed in order here at the beginning of the review: 

3.2.1. Key Resources by Form 

3.2.1.1. U.S. Organizations
3.2.1.2. International Organizations
3.2.1.3. Conferences, Workshops, Events
3.2.1.4. Books
3.2.1.5. Periodicals
3.2.1.6. Directories, Lists, Bibliographies
3.2.1.7. Online/Web Publications 

3.2.2. Paper and Online Resources by Topic 

3.2.2.1. Scholarship and Electronic Information
3.2.2.2. Copyright Issues
3.2.2.3. Intellectual Property
3.2.2.4. Digital Imaging
3.2.2.5. Digital Libraries
3.2.2.6. Preservation Issues/Resources
3.2.2.7. Image Databases and Systems
3.2.2.8. Standards Development
3.2.2.9. Education and Related Issues
3.2.2.10. Digital Projects and Initiatives

3.2.3. Web-Based Projects and Examples 

3.2.3.1. Art/Art History/Humanities-Related Websites
3.2.3.2. Images on the Web
3.2.3.3. Selected Museum Websites
3.2.3.4. Sampling of Online Exhibits and Projects 

 

3.2.1. Key Resources by Form

3.2.1.1. U.S. Organizations

AAHE, TLT Group - The American Association for Higher Education (AAHE), The Teaching,, Learning, and Technology (TLT) Affiliate of AAHE: (http://www/aahe.org). Select "technology"

AALN - American Arts and Letters Network: (http://www.aaln.org/)
- An experimental Web presence designed to enhance teaching and scholarship as well as to preserve and make more accessible digital examples of the American cultural heritage. 

AAM - American Association of Museums (http://www.aam-us.org)
- Media and Technology Committee (as an example of one relevant committee) 

AMICO - The Art Museum Image Consortium: (http://www.amn.org/AMICO)
- AMICO, a not-for-profit, enabling licensed access to museum multimedia documentation founded by the Association of Art Museum Directors (AAMD). The members of this new not-for-profit organization will build a shared library of digital documentation of their collections for licensing and distribution to the educational community. Jennifer Trant and David Bearman of Archives & Museum Informatics are serving as AMICO's management consultants. 

AMI - Archives and Museum Informatics: (http://www.archimuse.com)
- (David Bearman and Jennifer Trant) 

ARL - Association of Research Libraries (http://www.arl.org) 

ARLIS/NA -Art Libraries Society of North America: (http://www.lib.duke.edu/lilly/arlis/)- The largest professional society representing individuak art and architecture librarians and visual resources surators and the institutions for which they work. 

CAA - College Art Association: (http://www.collegeart.org/caa/) 

CHIN - Canadian Heritage Information Network: (http://www.chin.gc.ca)
- CHIN is a special agency within the federal government department of Canadian Heritage. CHIN’s mission is “to broker effective access to heritage information for oublic education and enjoyment, and for the collective benefit of Canadian museums.” 

CNI - Coalition for Networked Information: (http://www.cni.org)
- CNI is an organization for institutions concerned with realizing the promise of high performance networks and comouters for the advancement of scholarship and the enrichment of intellectual productivity. The Coalition was formed in 1990 by the Association for Research Libraries (ARL), Educom, and CAUSE. 

CIMI - Consortium for the Interchange of Museum Information (www.cimi.org)- CIMI focuses on the investigation and development of standards that can be used to exchange computerized information among institutions. 

CLIR - Council in Library and Information Resources: (http://clir.stanford.edu/)- CLIR grew out of the 1996 merger of the Commission on Preservation and Access (CPA) and the Council on Library Resources (CLR). The mission of CLIR is:

 CPA - Commission on Preservation and Access (CPA): (http://clir.stanford.edu/cpa) 
- Oversees the Task Force on Archiving of Digital Information. 

LC/NDLP - Library of Congress National Digital Library Program 

MCN - Museum Computer Network: (http://www.mcn.edu) 

MDLC - Museum Digital Licensing Collective: (http://www.museumlicensing.org)  
- The MDLC is a non-profit corporation formed to provide technical and financial assistance for the digitization of museum materials and to manage the storage, distribution, and licensing of digitized materials to educational institutions and the public. 

MESL - Museum Educational Site Licensing Project: (http://www.gii.getty.edu/mesl) 
- MESL brought together representative U.S. museums, colleges, and universities together to define the terms and conditions for educational use of museums’ digital images and information on campus-wide networks. This project was launched by the Getty Information institute in 1995 and ended as a two-year experiment in June 1997. 

NCPTT - National Center for Preservation Technology and Training: (www.ncptt.nps.gov) 
- Includes a section called "Internet Resources for Heritage Conservation, Historic Preservation and Archeology” and an Internet Resource Guide available at: (http://www.cr.nps.gov/ncptt/irg)

NDLF - National Digital Library Federation. http://rs7.loc.gov/loc/ndlf/agree.html
(Evolved from: The Digital Preservation Consortium)   

NDLP: National Digital Library Program (Library of Congress) http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/dli2/html/lcndlp.html 

NINCH - National Initiative for a Networked Cultural Heritage:  
(http://www.-ninch.cni.org) 
- NINCH is a consortium of arts, humanities and cultural organizations interested or actively engaged in digitizing and networking our nation's cultural resources -- both helping their preservation and broadening their accessibility. NINCH will act as a central clearinghouse of information about digital cultural projects, as a technical and informational resource for members as they move forward in this new direction and as an advocate in policymaking circles for gathering further support for this initiative.  

NMC - New Media Centers (http://www.newmediacenters.org) 
- "NMC is a non-rpoft organization helping institutions fo higher education enhance teaching and learning through the use of new media. Bringing together pioneers in the new media field from academia and industry, NMC creates a collaborative network of institutions and corporations serving as a catalyst to integrate new media into education."

RLG - Research Libraries Group: (http://www.rlg.org) 
- RLG has several different working groups focusing on specific areas of interest to members such as the Preservation Working Group on Digital Archiving and the Working Group on Digital Image Capture (both are part of PRSERV - the RLG Preservation Program: (http://www.rlg.org/preserv/) 

VRA - Visual Resources Association: (http://www.vra.oberlin.edu)  

WMA - Western Museums Association: (http://www.westmuse.org/)
 


3.2.1.2. International Organizations  

 
AHDS - Arts & Humanities Data Service: (http://ahds.ac.uk/public/guides.html) 

CEN/ISSS - Information Society Standardisation System: (http://www.cenorm.be/isss) 
CEN/ISSS - CHOL: Cultural Heritage On-line Project (http://www.cenorm.be/isss/Workshop/CHOL/welcome.html) 

 CIDOC - The Documentation Committee of ICOM 
(http://www.cidoc.icom.org)  

 European Commission: Funds for Cultural Heritage. A new pilot website available at: (http://www.btinternet.com/~camangroup/ECwebsite97.html) 

ICOM - International Council of Museums: (http://www.icom.org/) 

 MDA - Museum Documentation Association (http://www.open.gov.uk/mdocassn/mdaabout.htm) 
- "The MDA is the lead body in the UK for museum information management." 
The project is one of the Workshops for the Information Society developed by CEN/ISSS (Information Society Standardisation System). The CHOL workshop aims to promote and endorse standards and best practice in cultural information management, identify the gaps and develop future projects to address them. Further details are available on the CEN website at http://www.cenorm.be/isss/Workshop/workform.htm  

VADS - Visual Arts Data Service. (http://www.vads.ahds.ac.uk) 
- VADS will provide UK Higher Education with access to digital research data appropriate for re-use, by building an on-line archive of electronic resources created by and of use to the visual arts community. 

3.2.1.3. Conferences, Workshops, Events
(which may have related papers available)  

Assessing New Technologies in the Arts & Humanities, October 9-11, New York University. Available at: (http://www.nyu.edu/education/cahe/caheconf.html) 

Collaborative Planning For Digitization: (http://www.aclin.org/webtele/confer.htm) 
Planning For Digitization: Bringing Down Another Barrier To Access, Sponsored by: Western Council of State Libraries. 

Computing and Visual Culture: Representation and Interpretation, 14th Annual Conference, September 24-25, 1998, London, at the Victoria and Albert Museum. For more information, contact: w.vaughan@hart.bbk.ac.uk 

 Guidelines For Digital Imaging International Conference. Joint RLG & NPO Preservation Conference, September 28-30, 1998, University of Warwick, England. Information available at: (http://www.rlg.org/preserv/joint/) 

ICHIM - Hypermedia and Interactivity in Museums  

Managing Digital Imaging Projects: An RLG Workshop. Research Libraries Group (RLG) Various dates throughout 1998 in the United States and the United Kingdom. Anne Kenney, Associate Director of the Departmebt of Preservation and Conservation, Cornell University and Oya Rieger, Digital Projects Librarian, Cornell University. Available at: (http://www.rlg.org/preserv/mdip.html) 

Museums and the Web, 1998. Available at: (http://archimuse.com/mw98) 

Museum Computer Network, 1998. Available at: (http://www.mcn.edu/MCN98)
Theme: Knowledge Creation - Knowledge Sharing - Knowledge Preservation 
- Sampling of papers available online:

Museum Documentation Association Conference. The Cultural Grid - Content and Connections, September 9-11, 1998. Information available at: (http://wwww.open.gov.uk/mdocassn/manch1.htm) 

 Scholarly Communication and Technology: (http://arl.cni.org/scomm/scat/index.html).
The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, in collaboration with the Association of Research Libraries, is pleased to announce the availability of selected papers from the conference, Scholarly Communication and Technology. The two-day conference, organized by The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation and held at Emory University in April 1997, brought together technologists, publishers, librarians, and scholars to discuss the changing nature of scholarly communication in the electronic environment. 
The papers can be accessed via the ARL website at: (http://arl.cni.org/scomm/scat/index.html). 

3.2.1.4. Books 

 Best, Heinrich, Ekkehard Mochman, and Manfred Thaller, editors. Computers in the Humanities and the Social Sciences: Achievements of the 1980s, Prospects for the 1990s. Proceedings of the Cologne Computer Conference 1988. Uses of the Computer in the Humanities and Social Sciences held at the University of Cologne, September 1988. New York: K.G. Saur, 1991.  

Rahtz, Sebastian, editor. Information Technology in the Humanities: Tools, Techniques and Applications. New York: Wiley & Sons, 1987. (Also Chichester, England: Ellis Horwood Limited) 
 
Hirschheim, Rudy, Steve Smithson, and Diane Whitehouse. Microcomputers and the Humanities. 1990. 

Mullings, Christine, Marilyn Deegan, Seamus Ross and Stephanie Kenna, editors. New Technologies for the Humanities. New Providence, NJ: Bowker Saur, 1996. 

3.2.1.5. Periodicals  

Archives and Museum Informatics: The Cultural heritage informatics quarterly. Published by Kluwer Academic Publishers, The Netherlands.  
Available at: (http://www.kap.nl) 

Art Documentation - The journal of the Art Libraries Society, North America. 

Chronicle of Higher Education  

Computers and the Humanities, The official journal of The Association for Computers and the Humanities. More information including tables of contents available at: (http://www.wkap.nl/journals/CHUM) 

Information, Communication & Society, an international journal for the Information Age (Edited By: Brian D. Loader, University of Teesside, UK and William H.Dutton, University of Southern California, USA) 

Journal of Multimedia History. From the Department of History, University of Albany, Albany, New York (jmmh@csc.albany.edu) 

Journal of Research into New Media Technologies. Edited by Julia Knight and Alexis Weedon, Department of Media Arts, University of Luton. For further information and details of back issues at: (http://www.luton.ac.uk/Convergence) 

Museum Studies Journal on Technology  

Spectra (Museum Computer Network) 

VRA Bulletin (Visual Resources Association) 

 3.2.1.6. Directories, Lists, Bibliographies 

Busch, Joseph, compiler and editor. Special Section: "Information Systems in Cultural Institutions,"Bulletin of the American Society for Information Science, 18 (December/January 1992): 8-23. "Representative Art Information Endeavors," list of 44 projects or organizations, pp. 9-13. [paper] 

"Index to Multimedia Information Sources"
http://viswiz.gmd.de/multimediainfo/
GMD: German National Research Center for Information Technology, 7 pp. , accessed 2/18/98. 

"Image and Multimedia Database Resources"
http://sunsite.Berkeley.EDU/Imaging/Databases
Howard Besser, Rachel Onuf, compilers, 5 pp., accessed 2/11/98. 

"Digital Libraries: Resources and Projects"
http://www.nlc-bnc.ca/ifla/ll/diglib.htmI
International Federation of Library Associations, 10 pp., accessed 2/26/98. 

"Time and Bits: Managing Digital Continuity"
http://www.ahip.getty.edu/timeandbits/links.htm
Getty Conservation Institute, Getty Information Institute, The Long Now Foundation, 7 pp., accessed 2/11/98. 

"Selected Internet Sources in Art and Art History"
http://www.library.ucla.edu/libraries/arts/websites/wwwart.htm
UCLA Arts Library, 5 pp., accessed 3/10/98. 

"CLIR Publications"
http://www.clir.org/pubs/
Council on Library and Information Resources, 4 pp., accessed 2/11/98. 

"A Sampling of Exhibits Online"
http://www-personal.umich.edu/~amidkiff/mother/exhibit.html
Andrew M. Midkiff, 4 pp., accessed 3/10/98. 

"Information Technology in Humanities Scholarship: Achievements, Prospects, and Challenges--The United States Focus." ACLS Occasional Paper No. 00. "Links to Projects and Services"
http://www.aaln.org/acls/original/op37-app.htm
6 pp., accessed 3/10/98. 

"Computing and the Humanities: Summary of a Roundtable Meeting." ACLS Occasional Paper No. 41. "Illustrative Websites for Computing and the Humanities."
http://www.acls.org/op41-ape.htm
2 pp., accessed 3/4/98. 

3.2.1.7. Online/Web Publications  

Chronicle of Higher Education. Available at: (http://chronicle.com) 

D-Lib Magazine: Available at: (http:www.dlib.org). The online journal covering issues related to digital libraries. 

Humanist: (http://www.princeton.edu/~mccarty/humanist/)
" An international electronic seminar on the application of computers to the humanities. Its primary aim is to provide a forum for discussion of intellectual, scholarly, pedagogical, and social issues and for exchange of information among members." 

RLG DigiNews (RLG in cooperation with the Cornell University Library Department of Preservation and Conservation.) Available at: (http://www.rlg.org/preserv/diginews/) Quarterly web-based newsletter intended to:

 Scholarly Electronic Publishing Bibliography:  
Available at: (http://info.lib.uh.edu/sepb/sepb.html) 
This selective bibliography presents over 600 articles, books, electronic documents, and other sources that are useful in understanding scholarly electronic publishing efforts on the Internet and other networks. (May be updated on an ongoing basis.) 

VRA - Visual Resources Association. Online editions are available at: (http://vrl3.arts.ohio-state.edu/vrab)  

3.2.2. Paper and Online Resources by Topic 

3.2.2.1. Scholarship and Electronic Information 

ALCS. "Computing and the Humanities: Promise and Prospects,"
- A National Arts and Humanities Computing Roundtable. Summary Report Published by American Council on Learned Societies. Available at: (http://www.acls.org/op41-i.htm) 

Carty, Susan Kinnell. "The Challenge of the Educated Web." Searcher (April 1998): 32-40. 

The Getty Art History Information Program. Research Agenda for Networked Cultural Heritage. Santa Monica, CA: The Getty Art History Information Program, 1996. Also available online at: (http://www/gii.getty.edu/agenda). 

Pavliscak, Pamela, Seamus Ross, and Charles Henry. "Information Technology in Humanities Scholarship: Achievements, Prospects, and Challenges--The United States Focus." (ACLS Occasional Paper No. 37) Available at: (http://www.acls.org/op37.htm) 

Quint, Barbara (interviewer). "Clifford Lynch: The Next Generation." Searcher (April 1998): 42-49. 

Scholarly Exploitation of Digital Resources: A Workshop For Historians. Draft Report
Available at: (http://hds.essex.ac.uk/reports/user_needs/draft_report01.stm)
- "Readers will probably be interested in a series of workshops being conducted in the UK under the joint auspices of the Arts & Humanities Data Service (AHDS) and the JISC Committee on Awareness, Liaison and Training (CALT). The focus is on defining the needs of users of digital resources in the humanities." 

The UK Arts & Humanities Data Service. Creating A Viable Scholarly Data Resource
 (http://ahds.ac.uk/deposit/viable.html)
- Designed to give practical advice and generic good practices for those digitizing material to ensure long-term access.

3.2.2.2. Copyright Issues  

American Association of Museums (AAM). "Proposal for Educational Fair Use Guidelines for Digital Images." Draft - 12/3/96, p. 1-9.
Available at: (http://www.aam-us.org/fairuse.htm)  

Balas, Janet. "Copyright in the Digital Era." Computers in Libraries 18: 6 (June 1998). Available at: (http://www.infotoday.com/cilmag/jun/story2.htm)  

Copyright and Fair Use: (http://fairuse.stanford.edu/) 
- This website provides links to a number of copyright resources. 

Failing, Patricia. "Scholars Face Hefty Fees and Elaborate Contracts When They Use Digital Images." Chronicle of Higher Education 44, no. 38 (1998): B4-5  

Green, David. "Your Copyright Future is Being Determined Now or: Public Interst? What Public Interest?" A paper presented at the Town Meeting on Copyright and Fair Use offered at the annual meeting of the College Art Association, Toronto, Canada, February 1998, p. 1-5. Available at: (http://www.pipeline.com/~rabaron/ttm/GREEN.htm)  

Schwartz, Gary. "No fair: long-term prospects for regaining unencumbered use." A paper presented at the Town Meeting on Copyright and Fair Use offered at the annual meeting of the College Art Association, Toronto, Canada, February 1998. Available at: (http://www.pipeline.com/~rabaron/ttm/SCHWARTZ.htm)  

Snow, Marly. "Digital Images and Fair Use Web Sites”VRA Bulletin 24 (Winter 1997).
Available at: (http://vrl3.arts.ohio-state.edu/vrab/244/toc.htm) 

Walsh, Peter. "The Coy Copy: Technology, Copyright, and the Mystique of Images." A paper presented at the Town Meeting on Copyright and Fair Use offered at the annual meeting of the College Art Association, Toronto, Canada, February 1998, p. 1-4. Available at: (http://www.pipeline.com/~rabaron/ttm/WALSH.htm) 

Town Meeting on Copyright and Fair Use  
- The Town Meeting took place during the College Art Association (CAA) Meeting in Toronto. Sponsored by CAA, in conjunction with the National Initiative for a Networked Cultural Heritage (NINCH) and the American Council of Learned Societies (ACLS). 
- A 33-page Final Report is now available at Final report available at: (http://wwwninch.cni.org/News/CurrentAnnounce/TownMeeting-FinalReport.html) 
on the series of five town meetings on Copyright & Fair Use. The Report is a detailed account of each of the meetings; it is accompanied by a shorter analysis: "Themes in the Town Meetings," available at:  
(http://www-ninch.cni.org/News/CurrentAnnounce/TownMeetingThemes2.html).  

Background Information on the Town Hall Meeting:
The meetings grew out of the Conference on Fair Use (CONFU), addressing the growing awareness that, as Susan Ball later put it about art faculty members, there was "woeful, perhaps willful" ignorance on Fair Use and copyright issues in the community.   

"The series started by focusing on the proposed Fair Use Guidelines in the context of Fair Use and current copyright law. As the series progressed, the focus shifted more to consider the future of Fair Use in an increasingly important digital environment. While the Conference on Fair Use had the strongest presence for the first meetings, later on in theseries the meetings tended to focus on the broader intellectual property legislative proposals in Congress.

"This report is one of many forms of reporting and documentation of the meetings. Several of the meetings developed their own websites for publicizing, reporting on and gathering resources for the meeting. The papers from the Indianapolis meeting will be published in a special edition of the "Journal of the American Society for Information Science," and papers from the Portland and Toronto meetings will be published by Gordon & Breach.   

Plans for a Copyright Guidebook:  

Robert Baron, chair, CAA Committee on Intellectual Property. The College Art Association (CAA) Committee on Intellectual Property (CIP) plans to publish a guidebook of questions and answers pertaining to copyright issues of concern to art historians, scholars and artists. The committee is calling for questions to be included in this publication. Questions may concern any aspect of copyright law relevant to the use of the Visual Arts by scholars, teachers and artists, including, but not limited to international law, rights of artists, use of public domain, publishing issues, use of World Wide Web, distance education, multi-media, fair use and obtaining rights and permissions. 
 

3.2.2.3. Intellectual Property   

AAM. American Association of Museums Seminar: Current Issues in Intellectual Property.
Available at: (http://www.aam-us.org/profed.htm).  

SAA. "Basic Principles for Managing Intellectual Property in the Digital Environment: An Archival Perspective."
Available at: (http://www.archivists.org/governance/resolutions/nha%20response.html) 
- A detailed response to the statement issued by the National Humanities Alliance (NHA) entitled "Basic Principles for Managing Intellectual Property in the Digital Environment." 
 

3.2.2.4. Digital Imaging  

 Besser, Howard. "Imaging: Fine Arts."Journal of the American Society for Information Science 42 (September 1991): 589-596.  

Besser, Howard and Jennifer Trant. Introduction to Imaging: Issues in Constructing an Image Database. Santa Monica, CA: The Getty Art History Information Program, 1995. Also available online at: (http://www.gii.getty.edu/intro_imaging)  

Kenney, Anne R. "Session #5: Digital Image Quality: From Conversion to Presentation and Beyond." In: Scholarly Communication and Technology, a project of the Association for Research Libraries and a conference organized by The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, Emory University, April 24-25, 1997.  
Available from: (http://www.arl.org/scomm/scat/kenney.htm) 

Kenney, Anne R. "Conversion of Traditional Source Materials into Digital Form." In: Research Agenda for Networked Cultural Heritage. Santa Monica, CA: The Getty Art History Information Program, 1996, p. 41-47.  

Lynch, Clifford A. "The Technologies of Electronic Imaging." Journal of the American Society for Information Science 42 (September 1991): 578-585.

Visual Resources Association (VRA). "The Digital Image: Friend or Foe?"Available at: (http://www.usc.edu/dept/architecture/slide/VRA). Date: Approx. 2/25/98 (Date of announcement posted on listserv.)  

Managing Digital Imaging Projects: An RLG Workshop
Avaialble at: (http://www.rlg.org/preserv/mdip.html) 

3.2.2.5. Digital Libraries

Digital Libraries Initiative - Phase 2.  
Information available at: (http://www.nsf.gov/pubs/1998/nsf9863/nsf9863.htm) 

Digtal Library News - Vol 2: No. 1. IEEE Computer Society Task Force on Digital Libraries archives at: (http://cimic.rutgers.edu/~ieeedln). 

Electronic Library, interview with Stephen Griffin of NSF’s Digital Library Initiative. "Taking the Initiative for Digital Libraries." The Electronic Library 16 (February 1998): 24-27. 

The National Digital Library Program from the Library of Congress  

3.2.2.6. Preservation Issues/Resources  

 Commission on Preservation and Access (CPA) and Research Libraries Group (RLG). Preserving Digital Information: Report of the Task Force on Archiving of Digital Information. Commissioned by the Commission on Preservation and Access and Research Libraries Group, May 1, 1996. Available at: (http://www.rlg.org) 

CoOL - Conservation OnLine: Resources for Conservation Professionals
(http://palimpsest.stanford.edu/) 
- "A project of the Preservation Department of Stanford University Libraries, is a full text libray of conservation information, covering a wide spectrum of topics of interest to those involved with the conservation of library, archives and museum materials.  

Conway, Paul. Preservation in a Digital World. Accessed from the CLIR website on 2/11/98.
Available at: (http://www.clir.org/cpa/reports/conway2/)  

Kenney, Anne R. and Oya Y. Rieger. "Using Kodak Photo CD Technology for Preservation and Access: A Guide for Librarians, Archivists, and Curators." RLG DigiNews 2 (June 1998).
Available at: (http://www.rlg.org/preserv/diginews/)
- Summarizes the results of a Cornell study that evaluated the use of Kodak Photo CD technology for preserving and making available a range of research material. Building on the work undertaken at Cornell on digital capture requirements for text-based materials, the project was designed to evaluate the Photo CD technology by controlling the factors affecting image quality during photography, digitization, and on-screen viewing. The study involved only paper-based documents, and was limited to documents scanned using the basic Kodak Photo CD method (Image Pac).  
Also available at: (http://www.library.cornell.edu/preservation/pub.htm)  

PADI - Preserving Access to Digital Information  
Available at: http://www.nla.gov.au/dnc/tf2001/padi/digital.html 

Martin, Robert S., editor. Scholarly Communication in an Electronic Environment: Issues for Research Libraries, Chicago: ALA, 1993. The following article, "Intellectual Preservation in the Electronic Environment" by Peter Graham is a “a modified version of the talk given at the 1992 ALA/ACRL/ALCTS Preconference of the Rare Books and Manuscripts was published in the above-noted book as well as in the Proceedings of the 1992 Association for Library Collections and Technical Services President’s Program (Chicago: ALA, 1993). The text is available at: (http://aultnis.rutgers.edu/texts/intpres.alcts.html) 

A Strategic Policy Framework for Creating and Preserving Digital Collections  
Available at: (http://ahds.ac.uk/manage/framework.htm)
- The Scout Report issued the following brief review: 
"The study presents thirteen recommendations in the areas of long-term digital preservation, standards, the policy framework, and future research. Six case studies highlight some of the real-life considerations concerning digital preservation. At a time when content providers and libraries are racing headlong toward digitization of information resources, this study provides critical guidance." Internet Scout Review 5 (8 May 1998).   

Time and Bits Conference - Managng Digital Continuity
Proceeding available at: (http://www.ahip.getty.edu/timeandbits/intro.html) 
- The Getty Conservation Institute and the Getty Information Institute hosted a two-day conference at the Getty Center on the subject of "technology, culture, and time," designed to "examine the sociocultural and economic implications of digital preservation issues." The goal of the panel discussion was to "provide a framework for long-term digital cultural preservation." 

Time and Bits - Links to Related Sites  
Available from: (http://www.ahip.getty.edu/timeandbits/links.html) 
- The website for this project include an extensive list of links to related organizations, projects, and initiatives. 

The UK Arts & Humanities Data Service - Digital Preservation
Available at: (http://ahds.ac.uk/resource/preserve.html) 
- "This is a revised set of references to resources and initiatives on the preservation of digital resources." 

3.2.2.7. Image Databases and Systems  

 Arthur: Getty Information Institute’s Technology Research and Development Group. Available at: (http://www.gii.getty.edu/arthur) 
- ARTHUR is a GII demonstration project currently under development which uses the AMORE (http://www.www.ccrl.com/amore/) image system developed by NEC USA, Inc. to index and search the images and text of nearly 600 selected websites. Feedback is currently being sought. 

Besser, Howard. "Visual Access to Visual Images: The UC Berkeley Image Database Project." Library Trends 38 (Spring 1990): 787-798.  

Council on Library and Information Resources. Selecting Research Collections For Digitization.  Abstract & ordering information: (http://www.clir.org/pubs/abstract/pub74.html) 
- "An essay focusing on the practical questions faced by the keepers of resources about what to digitize."

Romer, Donna M. "Image and Multimedia Retrieval." In: Research Agenda for Networked Cultural Heritage, Santa Monica, Calif: The Getty Art History Information Program, 1996, p. 49-56. (The entire journal issue deals with this topic.) 

Rorvig, Mark E, Issue Editor. "Intellectual Access to Graphic Information”" Library Trends 38 (Spring 1990): 639-836. (The entire issues deals with this topics related to this area.) 

SPIRO, the image database from UC Berkeley’s Architecture Slide Library. Available at: (www.lib.berkeley.edu/ARCH/). Select SPIRO. 

The Thinker, from the Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco. 
Available at: (http://www.thinker.org) is a searchable image database. 

 Trant, J. "Framing the Picture: Standards for Imaging Systems," In: Bearman, David, ed. Multimedia Computing and Museums: Selected Papers from the International Conference on Hypermedia and Interactivity in Museums, Museum Computer Network Joint Conference, San Diego, CA, October 1995. Pittsburgh, PA: Archives and Museum Informatics, 1995, p. 347-367. 

3.2.2.8. Standards Development  

Library of Congress. Best Practices Paper: Digital Formats for Content Reproductions.
Available at: (http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/formats.html) 
- "The documebt describes the Library’s approach to reproducing historical materials and lists the types of digital formats selected by the Library for this purpose."

 Library of Congress. Background and Technical Documents - American Memory. Available at: (http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/ftpfiles.html)
- The Library of Congress is sharing its experiences in an "effort to make as widely available as possible documents and decisions behind the creation and development of its ‘American Memory’ project." 

 Research Libraries Group (RLG) and the National Preservation Office (NPO UK/Ireland) -
Survey on Physical Preparation of Materials to Be Digitized.
Available at: (http://www.rlg.org/preserv/joint/index.html)
- "In an attempt to work on the production of a Guide to Best Practices in the digitization of material that reflect preservation needs and concerns, RLG and NPO UK have prepared a survey of current digitizing practices."  

The UK Arts & Humanities Data Service - Guides  
Available at: (http://ahds.ac.uk/public/guides.html) 
- "The AHDS is publishing a series of Guides providing the humanities research and teaching communities with practical instruction in applying recognised standards and good practice to the creation and use of digital resources. Some of the Guides focus on methods and applications relevant to humanities disciplines, such as history, archaeology, visual arts, performing arts and textual and linguistic studies. Others address those areas which cross disciplinary boundaries. All Guides identify and explore key issues and provide comprehensive pointers for those who need more specific information. As such they are essential reference materials for anyone interested in computer-assisted research and teaching in the humanities." 

The UK Arts & Humanities Data Service - Standards for the Interchange of Digital Information.
Available at: (http://ahds.ac.uk/resource/standards.html) 
- "An initial presentation of organizations that are working on relevant standards for the interchange of cultural resource material. These standards cover

This exercise is the preliminary step to gathering and considering actual ‘best practices’ in implementing and using particular standards for networking particular bodies of information and for maximising their usefulness."

3.2.2.9. Education and Related Issues 

RLG. Using Digital Images in the Classroom: A Survey. Available at:
(http://www.rlg.org/disurvey.html) Summary available at:
(http://www.rlg.org/home/disummary.html) 

Swartz, Charles S., organizer (UCLA Extension). "Educating the Digital Artist for the Entertainment Industry: The Collision of Academia and Business." Panel Presentation at SIGGRAPH 97, Los Angeles, California, August 3-8, 1997. Pages 456-458 of the Conference Proceeedings. (Hardcopy) 

Walker, Sandra, moderator. "Session VII: Implications of New Visual Resources Technologies for the Classrooms and Museums of the Twenty-first Century" (Joint Session with CAA). Visual Resources Association Bulletin 22 (Summer 1995): 71-84. (hardcopy)

3.2.2.10. Digital Projects and Initiatives   

CIDC - Cornell Institute for Digital Collections (CIDC). News and information available at: (http://www.news.cornell.edu/general/Oct97/digital.library.bs.html)  

CIMI - Dublin Core Metadata Testbed Project:
(http://www.cimi.org/documents/metafinalPD.html) 

Perseus: (http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/PerseusInfo.html)
"Perseus is a continually growing digital library of resources for studying the ancient world. The library’s materials include ancient text and translations, philological tools, maps, extensively illustrated art catalogs, and secondary essays on topics like vase painting. A collaborative team from a number of academic institutions has worked together to amass Perseus materials. Over 70 museums have shared pictures of their art objects."  

REACH (Record Export for Art and Cultural Heritage) Project (from RLG): is an effort to create a testbed database of museum object records. The goal is to export existing machine-readable data from heterogeneous musuem collectio management systems and analyze the research value of the resulting database when researchers use a single interface to search the database. More information avaiable at: (http://www.rlg.org/reach.html)  

Vision (Visual Resources Sharing Information Online Network) Project for Shared Visual Resources Records - a Joint Effort of VRA (Visual Resources Association) and RLG (Research Libraries Group) with support from the Getty Information Institute. This project is designed to:

More information available online at: (http://www.oberlin.edu/~art/vra/dsc.html) and at: (http://www.rlg.org/pr/9711vis.html)  

3.2.3. Web-Based Projects and Examples  

3.2.3.1. Art/Art History/Humanitites-Related Websites  

 3.2.3.2. Images on the Web  

Images on the World Wide Web: A Guide to Resources & Collections.
Available at: http://www.mcad.edu/admin/Library/pages/guides/image.html 

3.2.3.3. Selected Musuem Websites  

 Archives of American Art at the Smithsonian Institution available at: (http://www.si.edu/artarchives) 

 Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco website, The Thinker, available at: (http://www.thinker.org)
- Currently one of, if not the, the largest searchable online image datebase of art in the world with over 70,000 images online. 

3.2.3.4. Sampling of Online Exhibits and Projects  

 Art on Film Online: (http://www.artfilm.org) 
- Features a fully searchable database of more than 25,000 films, videos, and new media on the visual arts. Subjects covered in the Database include painting, drawing, sculpture, architecture, archaeology, photography, decorative arts, design, costume, and more.  

The Frick Collection: (http://www.frick.org) 
- Webiste for the Frick Art Reference Library and Collections 

The Library of Congress American Memory Project  
(http://lcweb2.loc.gov/amhome.html)  

The New York Public Library Launches Digital Library Collections  
(http://digital.nypl.org) 
- The New York Public Library introduces its Digital Library Collections website featuring a wide range of primary source materials from The Library's four research libraries. The first collection, the Digital Schomburg, comprises 56 texts and more than 500 images representing African American history and culture. The Digital Schomburg includes two components, "Images of African Americans in the 19th Century" and "19th-Century African American Women Writers."  

The Noble Dane: Images of Tycho Brahe  
(http://www.mhs.ox.ac.uk/tycho/) or via the Museum's homepage:
(http://www.mhs.ox.ac.uk/) 
- To coincide with its current special exhibition, the Museum of the History of Science in Oxford has now opened a virtual exhibition on the Internet. The exhibition is centered around a painting by Eduard Ender in the Museum's collection depicting an imagined scene in the life of the sixteenth-century Danish astronomer. 

Revealing Things - Smithsonian Without Walls  
(http://www.si.edu/organiza/museums/ripley/eap/rt/loader.html)  
- Currently in the prototype stage, this. is a new online interactive exhibit from the Smithsonian Without Walls at the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C. 
- "The Smithsonian Without Walls program, in the National Museum of American History's Department of History, produced Revealing Things. Smithsonian Without Walls was founded to examine the future of electronic communication by museums, explore the limits of web technology, and develop content-driven and innovative electronic exhibitions." 

William Blake Archive: Update. Available at: (http://www.iath.virginia.edu/blake/) 

 World of the Child: Two Hundred Years of Children's Books.  
(http://www.lib.udel.edu/ud/spec) 
- From the Special Collections Department of the University of Delaware Library. “The exhibition includes books for children from the eighteenth through the twentieth centuries including early primers and chapbooks, illustrated classics, and pop-up and movable books. The exhibition highlights material from the University's fine collections of English and American literature and educational materials.” 

Studies In Bibliography Online  
(http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/bsuva/) 
- 50 Years Of Bibliographical Scholarship Available on the Web - "a major new website for literary study, textual scholarship, and bibliographical analysis."  

VROMA -- Virtual Community for Classics Study  
(http://vroma.rhodes.edu/)
- The VRoma Project: A Virtual Community for Teaching and Learning Classics is an online "place," modeled upon the ancient city of Rome, where students and instructors can interact live, hold courses and lectures, and share resources for the study of the ancient world.