A. Debriefing on P-O Field Research

B. Population and Samples

C. Data Coding and Screening (including Missing Data, Outliers and Normality) in Preparation for Univariate and Bivariate Analysis

D. Key Concepts: missing values; outliers; normality; SD; mean, median, and mode; nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio scales; accidental, purposive, non-probability; random and stratified random samples; population/universe; alpha (level of significance); confidence (1-alpha) level; effect; effect type; effect measure; power (1-beta); Type I and Type II errors.

E. Key, Classic Readings:

1. S. S. Stevens, “On the Theory of Scales of Measurement,” Science 103 (7 June 1946): 677-680.

2. S. S. Stevens, “Measurement, Statistics, and the Schemapiric View,” Science 161 (30 August 1968): 851.

3. Helena C. Kraemer and Sue Thiemann, How Many Subjects? Foreword by Victor H. Denenberg (Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1987).

4. Margaret Hawthorn and Elaine Goettler, "Proportionate Probability Sampling," College and Research Libraries News 54 (June 1993): 322-324.

Updated: 17 February 2014.